Databases and Information Systems Management Systems

Question: Discuss about the Databases and Information Systems for Management Systems? Answer: a: The system is expected to identify the students who are under risk of being withdrawn from the school due to poor academic performance rather than completing their course of studies. Hence, the system must record and process the following data, (Gorman, 2014) Personal records of the students, including their names, date of births, address, contact details and so on. Details of the courses enrolled by the student. Like course name, course fees, starting date, duration and so on. Details of the performance of the students in the enrolled courses. For example, credits achieved, results and so on. Weekly progress details for each enrolled course, in terms of term results, attendance and attentiveness, timely delivery of assignments and so on. It will also include details of the assignments, final project of each course and for each student enrolled in a course. b: The sources of the student, course and the performance data can be fetched from the other information systems and from different feedback forms filled by instructors, student record files from the university, performance tracking system and so on (Haav Kalja, 2013). c: The logical database design is, References: Gillenson, M. L. (2011). Fundamentals of Database Management Systems. John Wiley Sons. Gorman, M. M. (2014). Database Management Systems. Butterworth-Heinemann. Haav, H.-M., Kalja, A. (2013). Databases and Information Systems II. Springer . Silberschatz, A., Korth, H. F., Sudarshan, S. (2011). Database System Concepts (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill.

Old English Terminology Essay Example For Students

Old English Terminology Essay Present days English language has changed in many ways in the past 350 to 1600 years. The way words are pronounciated and written have changed the most. I have chosen the subjects of sports and games because both have altered in both of these manners. By looking at the words I am going to describe, you will able to see how modern people have came up with our own way of saying the same item. Sports are now being called different names then when they were originated, but the games have almost stayed the same. For example, what we call two chickens fighting to the death is a cockfight. During old England, the called the same fight a Shrove Tuesday(www.regia.org/games). There were slight differentials though, in where kids would bring these angry chickens to school and the schoolmaster would control the fights. Some minor changes in the language were words like billiard, which was spelled billard (Hendrickson, page 23), or javelin, which was known as gafeluc(www.mun.ca/ansaxdat/vocab). Board games were also a favorite pastime of children and adults alike. The most played games were tafl (www.regia.org/games), which was virtually checkers with a few special pieces that had more options on the board. Tafl literally meant table. Brannantafl, hnefatafl, and hraeotafl were all variations of the special game of checkers, except there were a few variations of the rules depending o n where you were in the country. Chess, however, was by far the most popular game of the time. In the 1200s, it was spelled hchestafl(www.mun.ca/ansaxdat/) but it had the same rules that we use today. Other pastimes of the era included knatteleik, kingy-bats, and skofuleik, which were all violent versions of hockey and hurling combined (www.regia.org/images/Tiberius/).Some less violent sports played in about 1000 were swimming. Swimming of course had been around until man realized that he could float to a certain extent, but during this time period, swimming hit a high of participation and spectating. They also had variations in this sport too, in which you were allowed to try to drown your opponent, and if you lost you were sometimes killed or you had to pay the winner a certain wage. Other water contests included seeing who could hold their breath longer under water and having races in which you were forced into carrying things across water in full armor without help. The swimmers were known as fleotend (www.regia.org/ansaxdat/vocab/). Their want for extreme conditions reminded me of early Romans growing rowdy over gladiators who were also faced against improbable odds. Some of the more fun and interesting games that the English used to play were skin-pulling(www.mun.ca/ansaxdat/). A form of tug-of-war, they used animal skin instead of a rope and they used to play over a fire, which made each man fight even harder not to lose. Though the origins of these words that I have described happened 350-1600 years ago, the actual word has not drastically changed for the most part. These sports and games were a great example of how time changes the words into current understandable words like chess and billiards.It was a great when it happened, for it showed the progress in humans to make changes to something that had been done to them, and it showed how we thought of some new exciting games such as skin pulling and the swimming competitions. All together, the world and its languages benefited between Old England and the Renaissance, helping insure, the growth of the English language. Bibliography:

Modern Monetary Policy

Introduction Globalization has made the world a global village and thus any country’s economy is affected both by its internal monetary policies and those of other countries it interacts with. Depending on the way these monetary policies are made they can work toward developing the economy of one country to the detriment of the others or promote economic growth in both the country where they are enacted and to other trading countries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Monetary Policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The United States of America has experienced economic expansion for a very long period (from 1990 to 2000) until the last half of the year 2000 when the country’s economy growth became slow and sluggish. In order to contain the slow growth and improve the economy of the country â€Å"the Federal Reserve between mid-1999 and May 2000 raised the target for the federal funds rate to 6  ½ % from 4 ¾ %†( Labonte Makinen 7). his did not auger well as the economy growth continued to decline and thus the policies had to be loosened in order to allow more production and spending for the economy to grow. Government policies that are aimed at controlling the supply of money in the market through the Central Bank make up monetary policies. In the legislation and enacting of monetary policies several bodies coordinate together in order to achieve an acceptable money supply as not only does it affect the country’s economy but also other countries economies, which trades with the United States of America. The major banks making policies in the United States of America are however two (both the nation’s Central Bank and the Federal Reserve). In relation to the United States of America, we can define monetary policies as those policies that â€Å"consist of the directives, policies, pronouncements, and actions of the Federal Reserve that affect aggreg ate demand or national spending† (Labonte Makinen 8). Monetary policies works at either increasing or decreasing the supply of the money in the market influencing how trade and spending goes on within a country. The only unfair characteristic of monetary policies is that they are short term in nature since their enactments are usually designed only to solve a short term crisis. In short the monetary policy tries to solve economic crisis and once the normal economic environment is regained the monetary policies are also adjusted to suit the situation.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Monetary policies try to solve macro economic issues such as spending, income levels, unemployment, and inflation among other macroeconomic factors. Evidence showing monetary polices trends can be described by the fact that: Between January 3, 2001, and June 25, 2003, the target rate for fe deral funds was reduced to 1% from 6 ½%. This policy was reversed beginning June 30, 2004. In 17 equal increments of  ¼% ending on June 29, 2006, the target rate was raised to 5 ¼% from a base of 1%. No additional changes were made at the three subsequent meetings. (Labonte Makinen 4) In order to understand how monetary policies work it is advisable to understand its two indicators. Indicators of Monetary Policy Money Supply A common market rule is that when the supply of a commodity decreases its demand increases resulting in increased prices and the opposite happens when the supply is high the demand decreases thus driving the prices down. This same law also applies to the supply of the money in the market. Most of the times, monetary policies are described either as easy if in influences an increased money supply and tight if its main aim is to reduce the money supply. Interest Rates In his interest theory, John Maynard Keynes argued that interest rate is monetary phenomen a determined in the money market but not influenced by savings as classical economists used to argue. He argued that not all people who save that do so with an intention of earning interest thus it should be in the monetary market where funds are borrowed and their rates determined. Thus, changes in money supply (whether an increase or a decrease) leads to an increase or a decrease in the cost of the money. The changes in interest rates are important to the government as they influence spending in an economy thus creating or reducing employment. However, experts warn that the interest rates experienced due to the changes in aggregate demand and supply of the money are not the real market rates; the real market rates should be the existing market rates less inflation rates in the country. It is thus assumed that a high economic growth reduces interest rates in the short run. Given that countries have future expectations of how inflation rates will be the fall in market rates is alway s seen as a fall in the real interest rates. However, market rates can change for other reasons for example an increase in income increases the market interest rates thus increasing the demand for money since more people can afford the money and the public expects lower inflations in future (Schabert 17).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Monetary Policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More How the Monetary Policy Works Monetary policies works through the following instruments which either increases or decreases the supply of money in the market as it is explained below. Open Market Operations To increase or decrease the supply of money in the market, the Federal Reserve can engage in open market operations; this involves selling and buying of bonds in the market. When the federal Bank engages in selling the bonds or securities it aims at reducing the money supply in the market to avoid inflation of the money; the opposite occurs if the federal bank realizes that the money supply in the market is less as it repurchases the bonds and the securities thus making more money available in the market and this helps in ensuring that the commodity prices remain at a stable position by increasing both the money supply and the aggregate demand (Taylor 4). Reserves Deposit Requirement The government through the federal government can also increase or decrease the required reserve deposits that the commercial banks in the country deposits in the federal government in order to control an economic problem which may be brought about by the existing economic conditions. In order to reduce money supply in the market, the Federal Bank instructs the regional or commercial banks to increase their reserve requirements; this increases the amount of money withheld and in return reduces the amount of money which can be lend to the customers thus reducing the money supply. The lowering of the reserve deposit requi red in these banks by the Federal Bank works in the opposite way. In order to meet these Fed requirements, banks lend among themselves creating a multiplier effect and the rate on such loans determines how loose or tight the monetary policy at that time (Feinman, Deschler Hinkelmann 1). Discount Rate Federal Reserve lending rates to commercial banks are described as discount rates. An increase in the discount rate makes the cost of borrowing increase thus reducing the amount of money which the Federal Reserve can lend to the commercial banks within the state. The high interest rates are transferred down to the customers and the high rates discourage borrowing thus reducing the money supply in the market (U S Department of State 28).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Interaction between Central Bank, the Treasury, and the Financial System The Central Bank is a special bank within the ministry of finance but independent from interference by the executive. The bank has the mandate to preserve financial stability and enhance financial development by controlling the money supply in the market. Its’ autonomy can be described in terms of; the ability to set the terms and conditions on the items in the central bank’s balance sheet – this is essential for the conduct of monetary policy; having the means to bear any losses that arise from central bank operations and having appropriate rules to allocate profits (including rules that govern the accumulation of capital and reserves); and the ability to cover operating expenses, and in particular to set salaries (typically the single largest component of operating costs) in a manner that allows the Central Bank to attract and retain the professional talent it requires (Boehm 59). There h ave been interactions between the treasury and the federal reserve board in an attempt by the government to overhaul the regulatory system but some Fed officials were seeing it as an attempt by the government to interfere with the independence of the bank and thus there was no way they could accept. They argue that the Fed was established by the congress thus it is not part of the executive thus interference should no be expected from the treasury (Torres Schmidt 1). The interaction between the central bank, the treasury, and the financial institutions is best described in the way the monetary policies work and the role played by each. Policy Proposals Relating to Reforming the Financial System One of the proposals being forwarded by the congress is that of establishing a new systemic risk regulator bearing in mind the country is just recovering from the economic crisis. The regulator is expected to supervise the growth of the financial institutions. There has also been the proposa l of changing how the Federal Bank functions. This has not augured well as it would curtail the independence of the Federal Bank and make it prone to political interference. While many think that this will work well in the long run it may work against the goals of making the financial institutions and monetary policies effective as political interests might be fulfilled to the expense of American citizens. There have been further proposals from the House and the Senate for the creation of a Risk Based Systemic Fund whose source would be from the institutions. While the policy might be good, it is not without a flaw since it fails to address the appropriate levels through which the financial institutions can be evaluated. Other proposals have been aimed at making stricter standards on capital and liquidity requirements among the most risky institutions. As the United States of America recovers from the economic crisis there have been calls to create or establish a mechanism through w hich failing financial institutions can be rescued before they can file into bankruptcy through receivership so as to reduce the uncertainties in the monetary system (Acharya, Cooley, Richardson, Ingo 16). Finally, the executive has had interests in controlling the actions of the Fed and thus they had been proposing for law reviews which would allow the central bank become the lead regulator for all the financial institutions (Torres Schmidt 1). Conclusion From the study we can conclude that monetary policies are ways through which the government regulates the supply of money in the bank and while the policies are good they are only enacted for short term purposes as the economy is never static. Thus, policies also need to evolve and should be legislated in a way that suits the prevailing economic conditions. Works Cited Acharya, Viral, Cooley F. Thomas; Richardson, Matthew., Ingo, Walter. â€Å"Real Time Solutions for US Financial Reform.† VoxEU.org, 2009. Web. Boehm, Mos er. â€Å"The Relationship between the Central Bank and the Government.† Bis, 2006. Web. Feinman, Joshua; Deschler Jana., Hinkelmann, Christoph. â€Å"Reserve Requirements: History, Current Practice, and Potential Reform.† Federalreserve, 1993. Web. Labonte, Marc., Makinen, Gail. â€Å"Monetary Policy: Current Policy and Conditions†. CRS Report for Congress. The Library of Congress, 2006. Schabert, Andreas. Money supply and the implementation of interest rate Targets: Working Paper Series. London: European Central Bank. 2005 Taylor, John. â€Å"Expectations, Open Market Operations, and Changes in the Federal Funds Rate.† Stanford University. 2001. Web. Torres, Craig., Schmidt Robert. â€Å"Fed Rejects Geithner Request for Study of Governance Structure.† Bloomberg, 2009. Web. U.S. Department of State. â€Å"Monetary and Fiscal Policy.† Countrystudies,  2010. This essay on Modern Monetary Policy was written and submitted by user Vivid Leech to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Finding a Job for English Learners

Finding a Job for English Learners Understanding your potential employer can help you get the job you are looking for. This section focuses on developing interviewing skills that will help you prepare for a job interview in an English speaking country. The Personnel Department The personnel department is responsible for hiring the best possible candidate for an open position. Often hundreds of applicants apply for an open position. In order to save time, the personnel department often uses a number of methods to select applicants who they would like to interview. Your cover letter and resume must be perfect in order to ensure that you will not be looked over because of a minor mistake. This unit focuses on the various documents required for a successful job application, as well as interviewing techniques and appropriate vocabulary to use in your resume, cover letter and during the job interview itself. Finding a Job There are many ways to find a job. One of the most common is looking through the positions offered a section of your local newspaper. Here is an example of a typical job posting: Job Opening Due to the enormous success of Jeans and Co., we have a number of job openings for shop assistants and local management positions. Shop Assistant:  Successful candidates will have a high school degree with at least 3 years working experience and two current references. Desired qualifications include basic computer skills. Key responsibilities will include operating cash registers and providing customers with any help they may need. Management Positions:  Successful candidates will have a college degree in business administration and management experience. Desired qualifications include management experience in retail and thorough knowledge of Microsofts Office Suite. Responsibilities will include management of local branches with up to 10 employees. Willingness to move frequently also a plus. If you wish to apply for one of the above vacancies, please send a resume and cover letter to our personnel manager at: Jeans and Co.254 Main StreetSeattle, WA 98502 The Cover Letter The cover letter introduces your resume or CV when applying for a job interview. There a few important things that need to be included in the cover letter. Most importantly, the cover letter should point out why you are particularly suited to the position. The best way to do this is to take the job posting and point out the highlights in your resume that exactly match the desired qualifications. Here is an outline to writing a successful cover letter. To the right of the letter, look for important notes concerning the layout of the letter signaled by a number in parenthesis (). Peter Townsled35 Green Road (1)Spokane, WA 87954April 19, 200_ Mr. Frank Peterson, Personnel Manager (2)Jeans and Co.254 Main StreetSeattle, WA 98502 Dear Mr. Trimm: (3) (4) I am writing to you in response to your advertisement for a local branch manager, which appeared in the Seattle Times on Sunday, June 15. As you can see from my enclosed resume, my experience and qualifications match this positions requirements. (5) My current position managing the local branch of national shoe retailers has provided the opportunity to work in a high-pressure, team environment, where it is essential to be able to work closely with my colleagues in order to meet sales deadlines. In addition to my responsibilities as manager, I also developed time management tools for staff using Access and Excel from Microsofts Office Suite. (6) Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to the opportunity to personally discuss why I am particularly suited to this position. Please telephone me at after 4.00 p.m. to suggest a time that we may meet. I can also be reached by email at petertnet.com Sincerely, Peter Townsled Peter Townsled (7) Enclosure Notes Begin your cover letter by placing your address first, followed by the address of the company you are writing to.Use complete title and address; dont abbreviate.  Always make an effort to write directly to the person in charge of hiring.Opening paragraph - Use this paragraph to specify which job you are applying for, or if you are writing to inquire whether a job position is open, question the availability of an opening.Middle paragraph(s) - This section should be used to highlight your work experience which most closely matches the desired job requirements presented in the job opening advertisement. Do not simply restate what is contained in your resume. Notice how the example makes a special effort to show why the writer is especially suited to the job position opening posted above.Closing paragraph - Use the closing paragraph to ensure action on the part of the reader. One possibility is to ask for an interview appointment time. Make it easy for the personnel department to conta ct you by providing your telephone number and email address. Always sign letters. enclosure indicates that you are enclosing your resume. Finding a Job For ESL Learners Finding a Job - Writing a Cover LetterWriting Your ResumeThe Interview: BasicsExample Interview QuestionsListen to a Typical Job InterviewUseful Job Interview Vocabulary

What is a Theoretical Approach Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

What is a Theoretical Approach - Coursework Example However, even if the philosophical topic is a changeable topic that cannot be sufficed by the formation of theories that try to explain such broad and complex concepts, formation of a comprehensive and all inclusive theoretical framework can give us an explicit way to aid in tracing and identifying any territory of philosophy. This would further increase our understanding of philosophical concepts, which are purported to be beyond human understanding (Costa, 2002). A theoretical approach refers to an organized set of principles put forward by an interested party in the study of a topic of interest put bring forth their conceptualization of a matter of importance. This theoretical approach must follow a given methodological approach to put it in the required context to further understanding. A prescriptive theoretical approach aims at explaining what a concept under study should be. It outlines definitions in order to give concept under study meaning that can be used to further unders tanding. This approach is not concerned about past events but focuses on the future to guide an analysis. A descriptive theoretical approach aims at explaining what philosophy has been by looking at the past.... Aristotle can indeed, be considered a theorist given the numerous contributions in philosophy through theories highlighted in his book, Nicomachean Ethics. Aristotle contributed greatly in the explanation of concepts of human lives jointly with other theorists such as Plato (Ackrill, 1981). The theorist presented ideas on matters that pertains happiness sequentially to bring comprehension of the origin and other dynamics of happiness. According to Aristotle, happiness was reliant on individuals instead of other people around humans. Aristotle presented critical thinking concerning the pursuit of happiness in the world. Aristotle modified and incorporated observations concerning happiness thus presenting the intricate and reasonable theory concerning happiness. Aristotle utilized or presented intricate situation in his works as a theorist using skill and comprehension of concepts in order to develop ideas that were applied in formulating theories (Ackrill, 1981). The situation that Ar istotle structured in order to come up with the theories in philosophy and other fields were meant to serve a clear purpose within the contexts of the structured theories. In various works presented in the book, Nicomachean Ethics, certain ideas or concepts offered by Aristotle were never immediately important although other relevant ideas got presented by other theorist in response to either add on or deduct irrelevant ideas. Aristotle developed ideas that he presented in his works, through stepwise methodology, to ensure that the problems that were presented go solved perfectly although it is not certain that the ideas were facts or fiction. Aristotle can

The Nature of Conflict in the Middle East Article

The Nature of Conflict in the Middle East - Article Example Such a climate of cohabitants with little or no shared national identity being forced together has made it extremely difficult, if not virtually impossible, for effective democratic institutions to take hold as the primary vehicle of government in the Middle East. For these reasons, monarchies or dictatorships arose in many countries, crushing the human rights of minority groups. Iraq today is a microcosm of this difficulty, as the post-Saddam Hussein democratic government continues to sputter. Essentially, the Middle East is a region where vastly different peoples were forced by the victors of a war sixty years ago to live and build societies together and scramble to beat each other to fill the power void left by the colonial powers' abandonment of the area. Those who lost out on power and influence in the direction of their own political future have understandably become disillusioned with their status, and angry with the great powers of the world - particularly in the West - to whom responsibility for their plight can be directly traced. Ultimately, these disenfranchised groups who lack meaningful economic opportunities have not surprisingly turned to terrorist activities as an effective means to make their voices heard. This is arguably the biggest risk posed by the deprivation of self-determination as an ingredient in the formation of nation-states. Israeli-Palestinian Conflict The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is arguably the central issue fueling the discord that permeates the Middle East. A solution to this seemingly intractable problem would go a long way toward stabilizing the entire region. This conflict represents a poignant rallying point for Muslims and pan-Arab nationalists that will continue to feed violence and unrest until it is resolved. Thus, both Israelis and Palestinians wield a tremendous amount of influence over the state of the region. With the political will and strength of leadership on both sides, these two peoples have the potential to transform the Middle East. British Prime Minister Tony Blair has recently stated that the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is the root cause of problems facing Iraq and elsewhere in the Middle East. In order to solve the other problems in the region, according to Blair, " we should start with Israel-Palestine. That is the core.' If progress can be made there and in Lebanon, Blair said, moderate Arab and Muslim countries could be united to push for peace throughout the region, including Iraq" (Hall, par. 15). The extent to which the problem in Palestine reverberates throughout the region is clear. Blair calls the Israeli-Palestinian conflict " single biggest issue" in blocking progress toward peace in the Muslim world was not Iraq but Palestine" (par. 18). Despite international perceptions of Palestinian resistance tactics as being terrorist in nature, Palestinians themselves do not see it that way. As one Palestinian has stated, "the international community must understand that we have rights - Palestine is ours. We are not terrorists, we are not criminals, we don't want to kill, but we are the rightful owners of the land" (Kelbie, 5).  

Langston Hughes On The Harlem Renaissance English Literature Essay

Langston Hughes On The Harlem Renaissance English Literature Essay The Harlem Renaissance began in 1925 and ended in1935.The Harlem Renaissance was once referred to as the Negro Renaissance. It began in this time period because of the financial and educational problems throughout this period. The movement was centered in the ghetto of Harlem, in New York City. During this postwar ease many of the black writers tried to involve the younger generations. A fresh generation of writers emerged, although a few were born in Harlem and the movement was accelerated by grants and scholarships and supported by white writers. Langston Hughes was often labeled the Poet Laureate of Harlem, particularly because his poetry retained the rhythm, idiosyncrasy, and dialect of his culture a fact that often saw him slandered by those who viewed his honest expression as underscoring all the elements of black existence they feared and hated. Langston Hughes had an impact on black literature that cannot be overstated, from his simple, direct but brutally honest poetry and influence in forming the Harlem Renaissance to his career as a journalist of human rights. Hughes was very talented and versatile, and he was able to write in any genre with equal ease and skill. Hughes was an inspiration to other young black men, particularly the young writers because of his unique character. He also served as both an inspiration and a mentor for these younger writers. With his sweet poetic voice, nurturing generosity, abundant humor, and abiding love of his people, Langston Hughes was one of the most dominant voices in American literature for this time period, and perhaps the single most influential black poet ever. Hughes continued writing through the 1930s and the 1940s, speaking for the poor and the homeless black people who suffered during the Great Depression. He wrote of their daily lives in American cities, of their anger and th eir loves. Black people loved reading his works and hearing him read his poems at public presentations all over the country. To them he was Harlems Poem. When Hughes died in 1967, a jazz band played at his funeral. The Harlem Renaissance was a very influential time period of literary and creativity because of the many talented artists that contributed their hard work that went on to earn many different awards. Among these hardworking artists is a man named Countee Cullen who without knowing it had a major impact on this time period although his ideas usually differed with others. Countee Cullen and many of the other artists during the Harlem Renaissance differed because he thought of art as race-less and customary. While most others believed that race was not portrayed through their form of artistic expression, Cullens differences caused people to respect the fact that he chose not to express race through his poetry. Despite what Cullen admitted to Langston Hughes about wanting to be recognized as a poet, not a Negro poet, he spent most of his life proving that a black poet could surely singand sing in a black voice. In fact, five of the seven volumes of poetry that bear Cullens name have, in t heir very titles, a basis for racial themes that is borne out in the poetry itself. Yet, Cullens poetry reveals a man who was torn between allegiances to his blackness and his vocation as a race-less poet. Langston Hughes was one of the most important writers and thinkers of the Harlem Renaissance, which was the African American artistic movement in the 1920s that celebrated black life and culture. Hughess creative genius was influenced by his life in Harlem, New York. His literary works helped shape American literature and politics. Hughes, like others active in the Harlem Renaissance, had a strong sense of racial pride. Through his poetry, novels, plays, essays, and childrens books, he promoted equality, condemned racism and injustice, and celebrated African American culture, humor, and spirituality. In many ways Hughes always remained loyal to the principles he had laid down for the younger black writers in 1926. His art was firmly rooted in race pride and race feeling even as he cherished his freedom as an artist. He was both nationalist and international. As a radical democrat, he believed that art should be accessible to as many people as possible. Unlike other notable black poet s of the period-Claude McKay, Jean Toomer, and Countee Cullen-Hughes refused to differentiate between his personal experience and the common experience of black America. He wanted to tell the stories of his people in ways that reflected their actual culture, including both their suffering and their love of music, laughter, and language itself. He was perhaps the most original of African American poets and, in the breadth and variety of his work, assuredly the most representative of African American writers. The Harlem Renaissance was an explosion of African-American arts, with middle and upper-class blacks as the dominant leaders. Poetry has never celebrated pride in African-American culture more than that period in the 20s. The reasons behind the outburst of artists, ways in which the written word was expressed, and the artists lasting effect on today show how much the Harlem Renaissance was one of the most brilliant artistic movements in history. His works conveyed life as he saw it. His collection of works called Color, printed in 1925, put the Harlem Renaissance to a new height because of its ability to show social realities. Cullen was awarded the Witter Bynner Undergraduate Poetry Prize from New York University. Cullen was criticized for being conventional, for using the British romantic poets as his models, and for insisting that poetry in general should be free of racial and political matters. The Harlem that Hughes loved and where he lived most of his life was an exciting place. This newly developed suburb of New York City was planned, laid out, and built almost too fast; the bottom dropped out of the real estate market in 1904-1905. Harlem had broad boulevards, beautiful town houses, and exclusive apartment buildings-but no residents. Desperate to rent to anyone, many developers began to open Harlem to blacks, and by 1914 Harlem was a black city. Its population almost exploded during the years of the First World War as blacks from the South moved north in search of better jobs and fuller citizenshipthe beginning of what came to be known as the Great Migration. Langston Hughes was often labeled the Poet Laureate of Harlem, particularly because his poetry retained the rhythm, idiosyncrasy, and dialect of his culture a fact that often saw him slandered by those who viewed his honest expression as underscoring all the elements of black existence they feared and hated. Â  Cu ltural developments do reflect American society as much as government policies or maybe more. Much of the literature, art, and music emerging during the first half of the twentieth century came from African Americans, but people of all races and cultures were involved. Films also reflected society a lot during this time. Â   The Harlem Renaissance was a movement that gave black people a cultural uniqueness though literature and art. Most of the literature focused on realistically portraying black life, life in the ghetto, and other black issues. Langston Hughes was one of the major black writers to emerge from this movement. Hughes was a great writer with much diversity in his types of writings. He wrote plays, novels, poems, essays, short stories, and much more. Most of his writings were of the realities of black life, racism, ghetto and slum life, no jobs for black man and much more.